The Experience of the Foreign in 19th-Century U.S. Travel Literature

The travel narrative emerged as one of the most popular, if not the most popular, literary genre among nineteenth-century U.S. readers. Several critics, including Justin Edwards in his Exotic Journeys: Exploring the Erotics of U.S. Travel Literature, 1840-1930, have speculated on the type of socio-cultural work performed by these writings. Edwards and others have observed the travel narrative as a meaningful blend of entertainment and education. Detailed accounts of journeys to locales outside of the nation's boundaries fed the desire of readers for knowledge regarding the foreign and the exotic. 

Perceived di erences in behavior, custom, and belief held a deep fascination for the nineteenth-century citizen, and, for many, the travel narrative provided the only vehicle for engaging that fascination. In addition to building a foundation of knowledge on foreign locales and populations, these narratives o ered individual readers an opportunity to negotiate his/her position within the ever-shifting political landscape of the nation. 

With their authors/protagonists serving as a sort of proxy for those eager to experience their own encounter with the exotic, these writings encouraged their readers to think through their own national, racial, and gendered identities. The socializing function of the travel narrative, that which a rmed the place of its readers within the nation and subsequently the world, dovetailed nicely with the political project of Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion of the U.S. throughout the nineteenth century. Therefore, many of the most popular travel narratives, including Richard Henry Dana's Two Years Before the Mast (1840) and Mark Twain's Roughing It (1872), were those that centered around the western portions of what would eventually become the continental United States.

Reading George Dunham's A Journey to Brazil2 (1853) - part of the `Our Americas' Archive Partnership3, a digital archive collaboration on the hemispheric Americas - alongside texts such as Two Years Before the Mast and Roughing It will prove to be a highly rewarding endeavor for students of nineteenthcentury U.S. culture and literature. Dunham has compiled a detailed, if somewhat haphazard, travelogue of his voyage on board the ship Montpelier and then his protracted stay in mid-nineteenth-century Brazil.

Brazilian plantation owners brought him over in order to help modernize their plantation system through his knowledge of and experience with advanced agricultural technologies as well as the e cient organization of slave labor. If writers such as Dana and Twain provide us with insights into the role played by culture in the processes of territorial expansion that characterized the nineteenth-century U.S., then what may we learn from more obscure travel writings on what may be more unexpected locales? Dunham's journal (heldat Rice University's Woodson Research Center) contains many of the same dynamics as those more studied travel narratives and will o er some useful points of comparison with those texts.